Bullying A School Based Program For The Baltimore County...

A Rationale for â€Å"Be a Buddy not a Bully†: A School Based Program for the Baltimore County Public School System in Maryland In recent years the problematic circumstances of bullying has been brought to attention as a widespread problem. Most bullying takes place on school grounds and outside school grounds, affecting numerous students. Bullying is any unwanted aggressive behaviors of youths or groups of youth who are not current dating partners or siblings that involves a perceived or observed power of imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated. Aggression such as name calling, hitting, tripping, purposely leaving out of the group, and rumor spreading may be considered as bullying. Bullying through technology, also known as cyberbullying is a form of bullying that occurs through chat rooms, instant messaging, e-mail, text messaging, pictures, and websites. Bullying may result in death, physical injury, social and emotional distress. Bullied students are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, poor school adjustment, and sleep difficulty. One out of every four students report being bullied during the school year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). About 20% of high school students in the United States report being bullied at school within the past year. In Baltimore County, the number of harassment, bullying or intimidation incidents from 2012 to 2013 was (524, 5.6) per every 1000 enrolled students. Baltimore CountyShow MoreRelatedWe Are Not our Clothes - The Case for School Uniforms Essay1862 Words   |  8 PagesIn the middle of the school year, two new students walk through the doors of their new high school. The first student walks into the school with a worn out book bag, tarnished shoes, and noticeably older clothing, and is automatically judged by his peers on his wardrobe. The next student walks into the school wearing all of the latest name brands, expensive jewelry, and immediately she is judged as well. The student with the visibly â€Å"higher maintenance† wardrobe is instantly approached by anotherRead MoreWe Must Do More to Prevent School Violence Essay3486 Words   |  14 Pagesis necessary for the schools in the United States to take more action in order to keep the students safe during the day. It is obvious that schools are not safe, forcing everyone to take a part in stopping the violent behavior which takes place in schools on a daily basis. There are many warning signs and ways to prevent this violence from taking place, it is just a matter of using money more wisely and creating more programs for preventing violence before it erupts in schools. There is no excuseRead MoreActive Shooter7891 Words   |  32 PagesActive School Shooter Introduction The intention of this paper is to look at and present some issues and strategies that members of a school community think about when trying to create safer schools. Particularly when addressing an active shooter in a school setting. A major issue to consider when trying to keep all schools safe, is the simple fact that no two schools are the same. Understanding this can lead us to the conclusion that it is impossible to have one global plan or program that canRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCourier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, wi thout either the prior written permissionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department

Unreality in A Midsummer Nights Dream - 1693 Words

Unreality in A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream is a play that encompasses three worlds: the romantic world of the aristocratic lovers, the workday world of the rude mechanicals, and the fairy world of Titania and Oberon. And while all three worlds tangle and intertwine during the course of the play, it is the fairy world that has the greatest impact, for both the lovers and the mechanicals are changed by their brush with the children of Pan. For those whose job it is to bring these worlds to life in the theatre -- directors, designers, actors -- the first questions that must be answered are: just what do the fairies look like, and how is their world different from ours? As our world has grown†¦show more content†¦This was a circus Dream. Brooks production cause enormous controversy and released an extraordinary amount of energy in the theatre world. His was a new interpretation of a play that had come to seem a fusty old Victorian Christmas card. Imaginations were piqued and creativity unleashed. This process had actually already begun several years earlier, with the publication of a book by Eastern European critic Jan Kott called Shakespeare Our Contemporary. By the second sentence of his essay on A Midsummer Nights Dream, Kott dynamited the traditions of the past century. Puck, Kott noted bluntly,is simply one of the names for the devil. Rejecting the image of Puck as just a playful dwarf from a German fairy tale, or even a poetic gremlin in the fashion of a romantic feà ©erie, he asserted Pucks twofold nature... that of Robin Goodfellow and that of the menacing devil Hobgoblin. Kott went on to insist that A Midsummer Nights Dream is the most erotic of Shakespeares plays, -- an idea almost unheard of until then -- and that it was a play that was truthful, brutal, and violent... The Dream had become part nightmare. This was an image for the 20th century, one where the fairy world was no longer an ideal projection of the lovers romantic fantasies, but rather the dark alter ego of the daytime world, Mr. Hyde to the lovers Dr. Jekyll. Soon other productions arose which explored the fairy world as theShow MoreRelatedA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1751 Words   |  8 Pages What types of dream really impress you in your life? Would that be funny dreams, weird dreams, scary dreams, risque dreams, dramatic dreams, life-changing dreams, and even lucid dream stories. As a matter of fact, people’s dreams can be a kind of illusion because dreams skew their daily life into confusion—people cannot recognize reality and unreality easily. Similarly, love not only is imaginative, but also can make people get confused just like dream. The comedicRead MoreRole of Supernatural in Shakespeares a Midsummer Nights Dream1547 Words   |  7 PagesWitches Brew and Fairy Dreams: A Genre Study of Shakespeares Use of the Supernatural (Penn State University, English 444.2: Spring 1998) by Fred Coppersmith Near the end of the opening scene of Macbeth, Shakespeares three Weird Sisters proclaim in unison that fair is foul, and foul is fair, providing us, as readers, with perhaps the best understanding of the plays theme and the tragic downfall of its central character. That this revelation -- this pronouncement that all is not well in ScotlandRead MoreEssay on Hyperbole and Illusion In A Midsummer Night’s Dream814 Words   |  4 PagesIn A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare makes heavy use of hyperbole, the twisting of reality into something greater than what it actually is, in both the dialogue and the ridiculous, larger-than-life nature of the situations that occur to provide a basis for the co nflict between reality and illusion, blurring the line that separates the two concepts. Before the symbolism of the woods and the land of fairies, the main sources of the conflict between reality and unreality, is intact, there are

Financial Accounting and Reporting Comprises

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting and Reporting Comprises. Answer: Introduction The modern world comprises of various organizations functioning in the different areas of operation. Every firm working in their different sectors try to maximize their profit by generating new market and by introducing innovative techniques to increase their competitive edge. In order to raise the competitive edge in the market, every organization is in need of capital and a good management structure so that all the departments in the organization can work effectively. The introduction of capital and management supervision is only possible with the help of entrepreneurs. It is seen that there are various organizations, which are managed two or more owners. They function in the business by sharing the profit among themselves and even introduce new capital in the firm and take important business decisions. The current paper tries to understand the various partnership processes that are undertaken in a business and the different types of partners that are seen in the business. The paper even analyzes the various features they undertake and how they function in the organization. Partnership refers to a meeting where parties also known as partners come into an agreement to collaborate to provide their common interests. The partners in this case are common individuals and the business may function together with the help of the partners to raise the likelihood of every one accomplishing their goal to expand their reach. A partnership may lead to the issue and holding of equity and can even be an agreement bounded by a contract. In this study, the partnership is being conducted among a group of students who have started a business on their major area of study. According to the question, it is essential to determine the senior partners in a partnership business established in a group. There are various ways to determine the senior partners of a business. In case of a law firm, senior partners are generally the experienced and the senior members who create the revenue of the firm. The style of equity partnership depends from firm to firm. There are many businesses that have a two-storey structure of partnership where certain partners are placed as non-equity partners or salaried partners. They are the title of partner but are eligible to receive profit from the firm (Yeneabat and Butterfield 2012). The senior partners are generally given the position of the equity partners as they have the ability to increase business. In general cases of partnership business, there exists many complicated and complex business structure, which leads to the creation of classes in partners who have different voting and rights related to finance. The partners establish senior and junior partners and appoint a managing partner who is designated with various different responsibilities. The senior partners are generally those partners who have competent knowledge about the business and even have years of experience. The senior partners are even selected on the basis of amount of capital they bring into the business (Schreurs 2013). The amount of capital contribution determines the interest of the partner towards the business and it is even seen that the major contributors in the business have a special reputation in the eyes of the other partner. The seniority of a partner is even determined by looking at the experience one holds with regard to the functioning of the business. there are even individuals who do not contri bute a lot of capital but have a lot of knowledge about the business through their experience and contribute their physical and mental labor to raise the business to a reputed position in the market. The other mode of determining a senior partner is on the basis of the responsibilities levied upon them. In a partnership business, it is seen that different responsibilities are designated to the partners like the giving the post of managing partner who is in charge of supervising the meetings between the partners and delegating the authorities to their subordinates. The other discharge of responsibility involves the appointment of a Management Committee in which a parent is positioned at the top as the Chairman (Ingulstad, 2012). Another way of determining the seniority of a partner is by dividing the partners into salaried and equity partners. The salaried partners are generally the dormant partners who do not contribute much in the business or hold an honorary position in the firm. They are not treated as the senior partners and have no say in the decision-making in the business. They have the right to vote during the meetings or while appointment of a new partner. The salaried partners do not have the right to get the share from the profit. The equity partners are considered the senior partners as they contribute in the business through investment and through expansion of the business (Bee 2012). They are entitled for a share in the profit of the organization and generally initiate business decisions. During the creation of a partnership, the parties have the choice of establishing an agreement of partnership. If there is no partnership agreement, the revenues of the firm will be shared equally. The other process in case of absence of a partnership agreement is dividing the profits in any way they deem correct. During the establishment of the ratio the partners can consider any reasons for the profit-sharing ratio (Andrade and Rhodes 2012). The main factors involve the capital contributions, responsibility and combination of different factors. Responsibility: The partners can think of dividing the profits according to the responsibility undertaken by each partner. The level of responsibility a partner undertakes is known to the other factors as they are decided during the formation of the partnership. Capital Contribution: During the establishment of the partnership the partners can invest the least capital to the partnership business according to their business. It is seen that there are a few partners that contribute more to the business. If this is the condition, then the partners may feel like sharing profits based on the amount of contribution they make. Combination of Factors: The profit sharing ratio can be a whimsical figure that the partners may agree. This refers to the fact that the partners can look over the other main factors and come to a negotiation about the profit-sharing ratio, which is beneficial for everyone. As long as the conditions are agreed upon in the partnership agreement that is how the parties will be able to divide the revenue. There is another possibility that before entering the partnership, a written agreement can be established to cover all the grounds. A profit sharing contract generally shows the ratios that will be used to divide the profit and the losses (Thomas et al. 2014). The ratios may be determined by the capital invested by the partner in the organization or through any contract that only segregates the profits and losses equally. Capital contribution has an adverse effect on profit sharing. The ratio is an whimsical figure that the partners agree on. The level of ratio is determined by the on the amount of contributions made by the partner. In this case, the partners may decide to divide the profit according to the contributions they have made in the business. it can also be the case that the profits can shared evenly and the partner who has contributed more is provided with an interest by the other partners over the extra amount contributed by him from the others. The ratio of profit sharing might not be equal in spite of the fact that all the partners have invested capital equally. Therefore, to remunerate the contributions of the extra capital, an interest is paid to them on the excess amount they have contributed (Fisher and Neill 2014). For instance, A and B started a business with equal capital therefore they shared profit equally and in future when the business needed capital it is seen that A contributed more than B. therefore, instead of altering the agreement, B paid an interest to Aon the extra capital given by A. Therefore, it is seen that an interest can be paid to a partner who has invested more than the others in the near future for better functioning of the business. This process not only elevates the business process but even compensates the partner for his extra contribution. The effect of interest even reduces the burden of changing of the partnership agreement as it requires an extensive process and cost. It is seen that there are circumstances in a partnership agreement where salary can be paid to the partners on account of their services to the business. The amount of capital investment also reflects the contribution of the partners. It is also seen that other factors like ability of the partners to expand and the business and bring in new market and customers are even an important factor. The partners even through their expertise establish new and improved management process and manufacturing process, which increases the competitive edge and market share in the economy. The expertise is even helpful in making quick decisions in times of emergency in the market when there are drastic changes in the strategic plans by the competitive firms. The experience of the partners also comes in handy as they can predict any changes that might occur in the near future (Chan 2012). It helps the business to changes in their business plan accordingly to safeguard their interests and maintain a ste ady profit for the organization. Therefore, it is seen that along with capital contribution the internal abilities of the partners play an important role in the efficient functioning of the business. The experience and the ability of a partner even induces the other partners to pay them a salary so that they get encouraged to focus more on expanding the business by bringing in new potential customers and sales within the organization. Thus, it is of consideration to pay off the partners with a salary along with a part of the profit as remuneration. The salary of the partners varies from person to person because the salary is fixed with respect to the work they contribute to the business. The partner who contributes the most through capital investment and with their expertise and experience receives the highest salary followed by others according to their contribution (Sriraman 2013). It is even seen that a partner contributes to the business through all the aspects but receives less salary than another partner who does not contribute through salary but contributes through their experience and expertise. This is due to the fact that even when a person provides its expertise and capital contribution to the firm all the partners considers who has provided more to the business the organization (Felbermayr et al. 2013). For instance partner A contributes to the business by investing $ 15,000 to the business along with using his experience to establish a strategic plan to counter the changing demand in the market in the near future. For his service, he receives a salary of $ 5000. On the other hand, partner B does not contribute any capital to the business but through his expertise and experience brings in sponsors to the business who invests capital. The partner even through his experience brings in new business to the organization thereby increasing the profit and market share of the firm. Thus, it is seen that impact of these factors play a crucial factor on the salary of the partners (House 2012). It is even seen that salary acts as an encouragement to those partners who do not contribute greatly to the business. The remuneration of salary encourages the dormant partners to participate in the functions of the business thereby increasing the sales and profit for the organization. The other factors that need to be introduced in a partnership agreement are as follows: Management and Voting: The contract of partnership is manageable through a partner who is appointed as managing partner or through majority voting by the existing partners. The voting process can be undertaken through the below discussed method: Proportional to Contributions: The power of the voting depends upon the capital contribution of each partner (Burkholder 2014). Proportional to profit share: The power of voting is designated according to the distribution of profits Equal Vote: the power of voting is equal for all the partners and every partner hs the right to vote only once. Partnership Withdrawal: This process can be undertaken if the partnership contact allows withdrawal. In this case, a partner may make a peaceful exit as long as he or she is respecting the notice period, period of probation and the other terms mentioned in the agreement (Sharafanova and Fedosenko 2013). The two types of partnership withdrawal are as follows: Voluntary: This process takes place when a general partner takes the decision to exit the business for any personal reason like retirement. Non-voluntary: This process takes place when a partner has to exit the business without his own consent like death or impeachment. Partnership Dissolution: During the event of dissolution, the partners may show the how the assets are divided among them. The various ways a partnership may be dissolved are as follows: Every partner agree upon a stipulated date of end. All the functions have been completed or the reason for the partnership has been accomplished. Due to death of a partner Bankruptcy of the partnership or a partner Withdrawal of a partner. Term of the partnership: A partnership can be everlasting or can have a stipulated length of term. Purpose of the partnership: The reason for the engagement of the partnership needs to be mentioned and what activities will the partnership serve and how will new additions be added to the business needs mentioning (Blackler et al. 2012). Admission of new partners: The procedure of the admission of a new partner needs to be mentioned along with the reason of admission needs special mention. The initial contribution of the new partner along the future contributions needs to be mentioned thereby avoiding the chances of any dispute in the future (Urban 2013). Maintenance of record: The place where the records and documents with respect to the partnership is being kept is to be disclosed in the agreement. Sale or transfer of the interests of a partner: The sale or transfer of the power to someone else due to retirement or other events is an important factor that requires mentioning. This includes the buy sell agreements for the partners (Aucock 2014). The condition of the partnership continuation even after a partner dies or leaves has to be mentioned. Non-competition clause: This clause restrains a partner from leaving the partnership from competing with the partnership's business, within a defined area and time period (George 2012). Non-disclosure clause and non-solicitation clause: These clauses restrain partners and former partners from disclosing proprietary of the business, or from soliciting employees or customers away from the partnership (Selby 2012). Conclusion The above study underlines the various aspects the partners bring in to the business and reveal how they are remunerated and even highlights the various contracts that are seen in a partnership agreement. The paper is even helpful in understanding the role of various partners in a business and the process of payment according to their contribution in the business. The partners are the heart of an organization and therefore it is important that they have a good understanding of the business and aim at expanding the business from its current position. Reference List Andrade, G.S. and Rhodes, J.R., 2012. Protected areas and local communities: An inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies?.Ecology and Society,17(4), p.14. Aucock, J., 2014. Creating open access books: a partnership between a university library and a research centre.Ebooks in education, p.91. Bee, S., 2012. McGraw-Hill Education launches Digital Learning Partnership Program to increase affordability and access to e-books and digital solutions among colleges nationwide. Blackler, A.N., Vale, W.W. and Bilezikjian, L.M., 2012. MON-647: Understanding the Mechanism and Partnership of FoxL2 and Smad3 Actions in Pituitary Gonadotropes. Burkholder, S.A., 2014. ORBIS: Grassroots academic partnership.OLA Quarterly,4(4), pp.2-4. Chan, G.R.Y.C., 2012. A sustainable e-book purchase model: a successful partnership.Library Connect Newsletter. Felbermayr, G., Lehwald, S., Schoof, U. and Ronge, M., 2013. States, Branches of industry, and Education Levels. Who Will Benefit in Germany from a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)? Final Report, Part 2: Microeconomic Effects in Germany.Books. Fisher, J. and Neill, A., 2014. Evaluation of Home-School Partnership: Numeracy.Journal article,2014(3). George, L., 2012. The Directory of Open Access Books: a new service of OAPEN in partnership with OpenEdition. House, R., 2012. The Turning Tide: Pluralism and Partnership in Psychotherapy in Aotearoa New Zealand. By Keith Tudor (Ed.)(2011). Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand: LC Publications. ISBN: 1877572764, 278 pp. Ingulstad, M., 2012. 'We want aluminium, not excuses!': antitrust and business-government partnership in the American aluminium industry, 1917-1957. Schreurs, K., 2013. Childrens E-books are Born: How E-books for Children are Leading E-book Development and Redefining the Reading Experience.Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research,8(2). Selby, B., 2012. Google eBookstore/GPO Partnership. Administered by the US Government Printing Office. 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401 and Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043. Retrieved September 9, 2011 from https://books. google. com/ebooks. Sharafanova, E.E. and Fedosenko, E.A., 2013. Economic effect prediction of university and entrepreneurs cooperation in public and private partnership in russia. Sriraman, B., 2013. Editorial: NSF's Math-Science Partnership Projects-Measuring the trickle-down effect of American tax dollars.The Mathematics Enthusiast,10(3), p.507. Thomas, K., Chisholm, G., Dempsey, B., Graham, B. and Stubbs, R., 2014. Collaborative BIM learning via an academia-industry partnership.International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling (IJ3DIM),3(1), pp.40-48. Urban, S., 2013.From alliance practices to alliance capitalism: new strategies for management and partnership. Springer-Verlag. Yeneabat, M. and Butterfield, A.K., 2012. We Can't Eat a Road: Asset-Based Community Development and The Gedam Sefer Community Partnership in Ethiopia.Journal of Community Practice,20(1-2), pp.134-153.

The Rocks of Grand Canyon

Abstract The Grand Canyon is the second largest canyon in the world. The region has attracted a lot of tourists from various parts of the world for different reasons. Tourists come to this region for many reasons. Some of the tourists are scholars, while others are just holiday makers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Rocks of Grand Canyon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rocks of Grand Canyon were formed in a number of ways. The sedimentary rocks found in this place have been inexistence for a period of over 2 billion years. Various climatic conditions and environmental factors have reshaped the rocks in this place. Currently, the rocks exist in different layers, with each layer being unique. Introduction The Grand Canyon is one of the most visited places in the world due to its wonderful nature. According to Karl, the Grand Canyon is one of the largest tourist’s attractions in the world, drawing a ttention of both leisure and academic tourists. This scholar observes that this place is one of the most amazing sceneries around the globe. The rocks, the trees, and the animals found in the Grand Canyon National Park, and the general nature of this place has seen it make visitors come to the region several times. Thayer says that nature at times comes with many wonders. This scholar says that the nature at the Grand Canyon is breathtaking because there are a number of objects which are obviously defying nature. The nature of this place demonstrates a number of facts about the development of Grand Canyon. There are a number of natural sceneries in North America with some of the amazing features. However, the Grand Canyon presents something special to visitors who either come for leisure or for academic purposes. The caves in this place formed due to a number of natural activities, come in different shapes and sizes. The caves clearly demonstrate the strength of the rocks around it[ 1]. The rocks of the Grand Canyon are some of the most beautiful sceneries at this place. Kaiser says that the rocks of the Grand Canyon have attracted the attention of various scholars from different professions. The sedimentary rocks are arranged in beautiful layers of over 40 that are visible when one visits the Grand Canyon National Park. According to Abbott, there are about fourteen unconformities in geologic records which are in Grand Canyon. These are features that are obviously going against the law of nature. Understanding these rocks will require an understanding of the historical perspective of the development that took place, and which resulted into the sceneries at Grand Canyon. This research is focused understanding the physical and historic geological facts about the Grand Canyon.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Formation of the Rocks of Grand Canyon The history of th e geology of the Grand Canyon can be traced back to about 2 billion years ago. According to Augustin, a number of scholars have tried coming up with explanations as to how the rocks at Grand Canyon were formed. Various geologists have studied the fossils found in this place in order to explain the facts about the formation of this place. This scholar says that some of the records about the formation of this place are contradictory. However, recent geologists have come into agreement in some of the facts. The fact that the rocks at Grand Canyon have been in existence for the last 2000 million years is undisputed. Karl says that during those Precambrian times, substances such as sand, ashes, silt and mud were on the shallow end of marine basin adjacent to the organic belt. In about 1800 to 1600 million years ago, a number of Island arcs came into a collision with proto-North American continents. The plate tectonic processes then condensed and grafted some marine sediment in the basin. The sediments were pushed out of the sea onto mainland. As time went by, these rocks were buried deep under the surface, about 12 miles deep. This resulted in a massive pressure on these rocks from the weight above them. The result was the formation of metamorphic rock. The resultant is what was named as Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite which has attracted the attention of archeologists and geologists alike. This granite consists of Metasedimentary Vishnu, and Metavolcanic Brahma which were formed about 1700 million years ago. During the collision of mainland and volcanic islands, several magma blobs arose from subduction zone, and then intruded into Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite. The plutons iced slowly, which then formed Zoroaster Granite. Some part of the granite would later form metamorphosed gneiss. This is visible currently when one is studying these rocks as bands with a light color. According to Thayer, this intrusion took place in three phases. In the early Vishnu age, th ere were 2 phases of this intrusion. The third intrusion came much later in about 1400 million years ago. This phase experience a massive faulting, specifically along the south-north faults. This led to a partial rift of the continent. The collision would then lead to the extension of this continent, from Wyoming-Colorado borders to Mexico, nearly doubling-up the depth of the crust in the entire region of Grand Canyon. This was how the ancestral Mazatzal Mountains which is about 10 kilometers high was formed. Then subsequent erosion came, which lasted about 300 million of years. This erosion swept away sediments of the mountain. The consistent erosion of the mountains over a span of several years resulted in reduction of the height of the mountains, and after a while, the high mountains were turned into small hills which are barely ten meters high.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Rocks of Grand Canyon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Kaiser, two main factors have contributed to the formation of rocks within this country. About two million years ago, the climate in this region played a major role in the formation of rocks of the Grand Canyon. The region was very wet all through the year. This scholar describes this as the ice age which was about 2 million years ago. During this time, excavation at the Grand Canyon was very high, which dug it deep as it stands now. The figure below shows some of the excavated site at the Grand Canyon. Figure 1 This figure shows the activities of nature that has resulted in a massive excavation of the sedimentary rocks formed about 1800 millions years earlier. The wet weather meant that there was a constant flow of water during most part of the year. The figure above shows a ridge formed due to constant flow o water. The figure clearly demonstrates the power of water in motion in the development of some rocks. The movement of water started o ff by washing away the top, soil which could easily be swept away. As the top soil was washed away, the sedimentary rock that had been formed due to the cooked-pressure remained exposed to the flowing water. This movement of water on the rock slowly excavated the rock over hundreds of millions of years. The first step would be to soften the rock. When the rock was made soft, it became easier for some of its particles to break off, and with time, the erosion became deeper and bigger. As Karl explains, the flowing water would form a path. The figure above shows a path of water that can be clearly be stated as the main agent of the erosion of the sediments. Other parts where the water has not formed its path have remained higher. As the rock particles fall into the moving water, they are always swept off into downer parts of the stream. As they move in this water, they come under constant collision leading to their further breakage. They decrease in size, and lose their original shapes . The vegetation is another natural factor that has had impact in the formation of the rocks. The sedimentary rocks can be strong enough to withstand the flow o water for a very long period of time. However, when there are vegetations on the rock, some of the roots would crack the rocks as they penetrate into the soil.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the rock is crack, it becomes easy for water to penetrate into the rock and cause further erosion of the sediments. Earth quake forms another agent of the breakage of the rock in this region. The region is still prone to massive earthquakes which create cracks on the rocks. Mass wasting erosions still affect the regions, leading to further breakage of the sedimentary rocks. Human activities have affected the rocks of the Great Canyon in two main ways. At first, activities of human accelerated the excavation of the sedimentary rocks. During those early years, farming was not practiced. However, hunting and gathering wild fruits were common. This could also involve digging deep into the soil to get some of the roots that were either considered as medicine, or fruits. This digging was part of excavation, and when water swept such surfaces, erosion would be inevitable. As men became more sophisticated, farming became important. Farming also had an increasing effect on the excavatio n of the rocks. It was easier for the soil on the farms to be swept off. By the end of Pleistocene ice age nearing the onset of the Holocene, the climatic condition of this area began to change. This was majorly due to human activities. The climate of this area was changing from a cool and wet pluvial climate, to a semi-arid climate. The area is currently a semi-arid. With the conditions getting drier, water erosion on the rocks became less. However, mass wasting was on the rise. Several cliffs became stiffer, making the Grand Canyon and tributary canyons wider. Mass wasting was reducing rocks in this canyon, as the debris fell off and was swept into Colorado River in a gradual and consistent process[2]. As modernization came to effect, people realized the importance of preserving these sites. Upon the realization that the sites were important, people came up with strategies that would help preserve these places. Building of dams have significantly minimized capability of Colorado R iver (which was one of the leading excavators of the canyons) to dig out the rocks Grand Cantons. It has totally changed the pattern of movement of sediments, and their deposition. Glen Canyon Dam was constructed to control floods in order to bring a restorative effect on the Canyons. Animals, both domesticated and wild animals also play a vital role in the developments of the rocks at Grand Canyon. Every animal, both carnivores and herbivores play an important role in the development of rocks. When these animals walk within the Grand Canyon National Park, they break particles of the rock. This is especially so to the large herbivores with hooves which have the ability to break rocks into smaller particles. These herbivores also eat the vegetations that cover the soil. This leaves the soil bear, and when rain comes, it easily erodes the rocks. The Composition of the Rocks of Grand Canyon According to Abbott, understanding the composition of the rocks of the Grand Canyon may be inter esting process. This geologist and a scholar say that the rocks of Grand Canyon have been in existence for a period of over 70 million of years. The plate tectonics on the North American continents and other adjacent island caused collision, and this was the genesis of how the rocks in this place started forming, as explained above. As time went by, several activities, mostly natural process accompanied by some human activities, resulted in a massive erosion of the rocks, and the result is what we have today; different layers of rocks on top of one another forming the current Grand Canyon. The figure below shows the composition of the rocks of the Grand Canyon[3]. Figure 2 The figure above shows rocks arranged in a strata, with each stratum having a particular layer of rocks having different years. The layers are as follows. Kaibab Limestone This is the top most layers in the strata. According to reports given by Thayer (29), this layer is over 250 million of years old. The Kaibab Limestone has formed the surface of Coconino and Kaibab plateaus. In this stratum, the composition of the rocks is mainly sandy limestone, with a huge layer of sandstone under it. Shale and sandstone subsist as upper layers in a number of places, particularly the upper regions of the cliffs (Abbott 94). The color of this layer is ranging from grayish-white to cream, depending on a number of factors. Abbott (26) notes that the layer has a strong resemble with a bathtub ring, and so the layer was named Canyon bathtub ring. This scholar says that geologists have stated that this ring was curved in a way that may give the impression that the process was influenced by activities of human being. Besides the rocks stated above, some fossils also form composition of this layer. This includes the sea lilies, the corals, mollusks, and some brachiopods (Abbott 22). Fish teeth and worms also form part of this layer. Toroweap Formation This is the second stratum. This stratum is about 255 millio n of years old. This layer was formed through a pretty similar process as that of Kaibab Limestone above, but as time went by, it was pushed down due to the formation of the Kaibab Limestone. The composition of the rocks in this layer is similar to that in the Kaibab Limestone. Their fossil history is almost the same, only that the worms and fish teeth found in Kaibab Limestone are very minimal in Toroweap Formations. This layer is dark in color. The color ranges from grey to yellow[4]. Coconino Sandstone The formation of this layer was in about 260 million of years ago. The rock composition in this layer is different from that of the above two layers. In this layer, the main composition of the rocks is pure quartz sand. According to Kaiser (59), these are essentially petrified sand dunes. This scholar also states that this stratum has a wedge shape cross bending, which is visible in places where the traverse section of the layer can be seen. In this layer, the color ranges from cre am to white colors (Abbott 83). Although archeologists and geologists have tried to study the rocks in this layer, skeletal fossils are yet to be found here. This may be an indication that this layer could not have supported life. However, the geologists and archeologists are still studying this layer for further investigation because a number of invertebrate tracks, and some fossilized burrows have been discovered. Hermit Shale This layer has been in existence for about 265 million of years. In this layer are the soft and easily eroded shale rocks (Karl 45). They have formed a slope. The weakness of this layer has been the main agent of mass wasting of these rocks. Because of this weakness, the rocks in this layer easily break off, undermining the sedimentary rocks in the above layer. This makes it easy for this layer, and layers on top of it to fall off into the drainage in the lower canyons down into Tonto Platform. In this layer, the color is rust-colored red. The fossils in thi s layer include conifers, ferns, and other plants. Also discovered were fossilized tracks of amphibians and reptiles. Supai Formation This layer has been in existence for about 285 million of years. The layer mainly consists of shale which is mixed up with limestone capped together by sandstone (Thayer 48). In the western part of the Canyon, limestone features are more prominent (Augustin 29). Geologists have associated this by the possibility that this side could have been a marine as opposed to the eastern part. In this layer, the color ranges from tan for sandstone caps, to red for shale (Abbott 46). On the eastern section, there are a number of fossils of the reptiles, the amphibians and some terrestrial plants, whilst on western part are the marine fossils (Thayer 19). Redwall Limestone This layer has been in existence for about 335 million of years (Karl 87). The main composition of this layer includes dolomites and marine limestone. According to Augustin (65), the Redwall lim estone is the most prominent of the Canyon layers forming a cliff of about 400-500 feet high. This layer is a barrier between upper canyon and the lower parts of Canyon. Though various earth movements, this layer cracked in some regions, breaking the barrier between the upper and lower parts of the canyon. The rock is brown in color. However, due to the presence of iron oxide, this layer appears to be red. Some of the fossils in this layer include corals, fish, trilobites and clams (Augustin 34). Temple Butte Limestone This layer has been in existence for about 350 million years. In the eastern part is dolomite; while to the west is freshwater limestone. The rocks in this layer are irregular. This may be due to the erosion of the Mauv Limestone. The layers are also very prominent, which then forms a cliff of great heights of several hundreds of feet (Karl 67). The colors of the layers range from grayish cream to the west, to purple on the east[5]. Tonto Group. The rocks in this laye r have been in existence for over 515 million of years. These layers differ in color and composition. Vishnu Schist forms the base of the Grand Canyon Conclusion The Rock of Grand Canyon is one of the geographical wonders around the world. The rocks have attracted a number of geologists who have developed interest in understanding how the formation of the rocks was. The formation of the rocks was heavily influenced by a number of climatic conditions. The initial rocks of this place were ingenious rock. This changed after a long period of natural activities. The rocks of The Grand Canyon are mainly sedimentary, having been formed due to weathering process of the initial rocks. References Augustin B. The Grand Canyon. New York, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2010. Kaiser J. Grand Canyon: the Complete Guide. Ringgold: Destination Press, 2011. Karl K. Grand Canyon Geology: Two Billion Years of Earth’s History. Boulder: Geological Society of America, 2012. Stanley S. Earth System H istory Third Edition. New York: Clancy Marshall, 2009. Thayer D. An Introduction to Grand Canyon Fossils. New York: Grand Canyon Association, 2009. Print. Footnotes Augustin B. The Grand Canyon. New York, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2010. Karl K. Grand Canyon Geology: Two Billion Years of Earth’s History. Boulder: Geological Society of America, 2012. Thayer D. An Introduction to Grand Canyon Fossils. New York: Grand Canyon Association, 2009. Print. Kaiser J. Grand Canyon: the Complete Guide. Ringgold: Destination Press, 2011. Stanley S. Earth System History Third Edition. New York: Clancy Marshall, 2009. This essay on The Rocks of Grand Canyon was written and submitted by user Valeria Mckinney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.